REGIONAL VARIATION ( SOCIOLINGUISTICS )

REGIONAL VARIATION ( SOCIOLINGUISTICS )

REGIONAL VARIATION

 In this model  of language change and dialect differention, it should always be possible to relate any variation found within a language to the factors of time and distance alone. E.g. the  British and American varities, or English are separated by over two centuries of political independence and by the Atlantic ocean, Northumbrian and Cockney English are nearly 300 miles and any centuries apart.
Dialect  geographies have traditionaly attempted to produce their findings onmaps in what they call dialects atlases. They try to show the geographical boundaries of the distribution of a particular linguistics feature by drawing a line on a map. Such line is called an isoglosses. Alternatively, a particular area, a relic area, may show characteristic of being unaffected by changes spreading out from one or more neighboring areas. Very oftn the isoglosses for individual phonological features do not coincide with the one another to give us clearly demarcated dialects areas. Because dialects studies grew out of historical studies of language, it should also come as no surprise that they have focused almost exclusively on rural areas.


Linguistics and Social Variation
An aerly study of linguistics variation by Gumperz(1958) one cast in a modern mold, show more some of the intricacies involve in trying to relate linguistic variation to teh social variation. Because the society he was studying is rigidly stratified on the basis of caste membership. The problems are considerably fewer than those encourated in such cities as New York, Detroit, but they are still present.


Conclusion
In conclusion, variation is an inharent characteristic of all language at all times and the pattern exhibited in this variation carry social meanings. The term linguistic variation( or simply variation ) refers to regional, social or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between language, dialects, and speaker is known as intraspeaker variation. Variation within the language of a single speaker called intraspeaker variation. Since the rise of sociolinguistics in the 1960s. Interest in linguistics variation ( also called linguistics variability) has develop rapidly. All aspect of language. Including phonemes, morphemes, syntactic structure, and meanings are subject to variation.


Question

1. what is the example of Regional Varition?
A word “throw” is different in some regional. For example if you want to someone throw a basketball to someone throw a baseball to you.
In Michigan “ throw in here”
In New York “ chuck it here “
In South Caroline “Chuck it here “

2. What is the example of social variation?
In USA “ i’m fixing’ to go the store. Wanna come? “
It is mean i am about to go to store. Would ypu like to join with me?

3. What is the aspect of  linguistics variation, and what is inteaspeaker?

Linguistics aspect are Pronunciation, Morphology, Woed choice, and Grammmar. Intraspeaker is as single speaker with variation of language.

Speech Communities

Speech Communities

1. Introduction

Language is both an individual possession and a social possession. We would expect, therefore, that certain individuals would behave linguistically like other individuals: they might be said to speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety.

2. Definition

Lyons(1970,p. 326) offers a definition of what the calls a 'real' speech community : 'all the people who use a given language or dialect. However, that really shifts the issues to making the definition of a speech community.
If speech communities are defined solely by their linguistic characteristics, we must acknowledge the inherent circularity of any such definition in that language itself is a communal possession.
Giles, Scherer, and Taylor (1979,p. 351) say:
"Through speech markers functionally important social categorization are discriminated, and these have important implications for social organizations. For human, speech markers have clear parallels.. It is evident that social categories of age, sex, ethnic, social class, and situation can be clearly marked on the basis if speech, and that such categories is fundamental to social organizations even though many of the categories are also easily discriminated on other bases.

3. Intersecting Communities

The fact that people do use expression such as New York speech, London speech, and South African speech indicates that they have some idea of how typical person from each other place speaks, that is, of what it is like to be a member of particular speech community somewhat loosely defined. Such a person may be said to be typical by virtue of observing the linguistic norms are associates with the particular place in question.

4. Network and Repertoire

Dubois and Horvath(1999,p. 307) acknowledge that while the concep of social network seems to be useful in studying language behavior in urban settings, it effectiveness in nonuban settings, in their case among English  French bilingual Cajuns in rural Louisiana, is not so clear.
An individual also has a speech repertoire that is he or she control a number of varieties of a language or two or more language. Quite often many individuals will have virtually identical repertoire.

Conclusion

Language is a system, it means that languages is formed by patterned component permanently and can be verified. Language is also a tool that can be used to interact used by certain community each other. Speech communities can be happened between a group using same language and different language, with provision among them that is understanding each other.