NAMA :
ELFRIDA KARTIKA DEWI
Class/ NIM :
1588203069
Subject :
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS
1. What
is Sociolinguistics?
Answer:
Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects
of society,
including cultural, expectations, and context, on the way language is
used, and society's effect on language. It differs from sociology of language, which focuses on the
effect of language on society. Sociolinguistics overlaps considerably with pragmatics.
It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology, and the
distinction between the two fields has been questioned. It also studies how
language varieties differ between groups separated by
certain social variables (ethnicity, religion, status,
gender, level
of education,
age, etc.) and
how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social
or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to
place, language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics
studies.
2. Why
do we learn Sociolinguistics?
Answer:
Because, sociolinguistics is
concerned with language In the social and cultural context. This means that it
focuses on the way a person speaks or behaves when they are placed in specific
environments or situations. Sociolinguistics also studies the way a person
speaks based on various factors like gender, race and culture.
So, In sociolinguistics
class, we covered all the components that from language. One of the most intriguing and interesting
aspects of language is sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of
language in its social context. This
means that we use language to socially define and express who we are, where we
come from, and who we associate with. It is amazing to see how often we judge
someone’s character by making assumptions about their background and their
character based simply upon how a person speaks.
3. What
is the relation between language and society?
Answer:
The connection between language and society is
tightly anchored. The relationship
of the two is deeply rooted. Language performs various functions in the society and the society does the same
way. If one will not exist, the other one will be affected. Language is the primary tool for
communication purposes, for establishing peace and order in our society, for
showing authority and power, and for attaining goals and objectives. But, it can also destruct the
society if it will use inappropriately. It must follow the conformity governing the society
to avoid conflicts and to meet the boundary of individual differences. Society however controls our language by
giving us preferences as what are acceptable and not, because each one of us
has our own perception or point of view. A group of people may accept our
language, but for others, it could be kind of offence or insult. We must know
how, when and where to say it and for what purpose. Social changes produce changes in language. This
affects values in ways that have not been accurately understood. Language
incorporates social values. However, social values are only the same as
linguistic values when the society is a stable and unchanging one. Once society
starts changing, then language change produces special effects.
4. Pleaase
mention and explain the branches of linguistics!
Answer:
The
branches of linguistics are:
a. General
linguistic
Describes the concepts and categories of
a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory
of the language. Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm
or refute the theory of particular language explained generally.
b. Micro
linguistic
Is narrow view. It is concerned internal
view of language itself without related how to apply it in daily life. Some
fields of micro linguistic:
·
Phonetics : the study of the physical properties
of sounds of human language
·
Phonology : the study of sounds as discrete,
abstract elements in the speaker’s mind that distinguish meaning
·
Morphology : the study of internal structures of words
and how the can be modified
·
Syntax : the study of how words combine to
form grammatical sentences
·
Semantics : the study of the meaning or words and
fixed word combinations, and how these combine to form the meanings of
sentences
·
Pragmatics : the study of how utterances are used in
communicative acts
·
Discourse Analysis :
the analysis of language use in texts
·
Applied linguistic : is the branch of linguistic that is
most concerned with application of the concepts in everyday life, including
language-teaching
·
Macro linguistic :Is
broadest view of language. It is concerned external vie of language itself with
related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of
micro linguistic:
·
Stylistics :
the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context
·
Developmental
linguistics : the study
of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the
acquisition of language in childhood
·
Historical lingustics : the study of language change
·
Language geography : the study of the spatial
patterns of languages
·
Evolutionary
linguistics : the study of the
origin and subsequent development of language
·
Psycholinguistics : the study of the
cognitive processes and representations underlying language use
·
Sociolinguistics :
the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability
·
Clinical linguistics : the application of
linguitstic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology
·
Neurolinguistics :
the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication
·
Biolinguistics : the study of naturl
as well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human
language
·
Computational
linguistics : the study of
coputational implementations of linguistic structures
5. What
is standard language? Giving an example!
Answer:
Standard language is an official
form of language. This kind of form of languages are always artificially
modified at least to some degree. It is the way to use language in official and
formal situation as in newspapers and public speeches. The core idea of
standard language is to codify a public, particularly written language so that
it is accesible to every speaker of the language to be used in education, media
and science.
Example :
· English
In British
English the standard, known as Standard
English (SE), is historically based on the language of the medieval English
court of Chancery. The late seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries saw the establishment of this standard as the norm of
"polite" society, that is to say of the upper
classes. The
spoken standard has come to be seen as a mark of good education and social
prestige. Although often associated with the RP accent, SE can be spoken with any accent. The dialects of
American English vary throughout the US, but the General
American accent is the unofficial standard language for being considered
supposedly "accentless."
· Filipino
Filipino
is the standardized form of the Metro
Manila dialect of Tagalog, and is an official language of the Philippines.
Most regions have a different Philippine language as their first
language, but all Filipinos learn Tagalog in school. Tagalog is thus used as a lingua
franca, with national television employing it almost exclusively, and with national printed media are
sometimes in Tagalog but more often in English.
6. Elaborating
the language, dialect and accent, please!
Answer:
a)
Accent : is all about
pronunciation. Two people may use the same
grammar, the same syntax and the same vocabulary
but pronounce the words in a different way. Effectively they have two accents.
For example,
people in the north of England tend to say the
word path as:
pæːθ
with a short
vowel whilst people in the south of England
tend to say:
pɑːθ
with a long
vowel. There are two different accents at work here.
b)
Dialect : on the other hand, have differences not only in
pronunciation but also in grammar and syntax. Two people may both speak English
but one might say:
He did well!
Whilst the other could say:
He done well!
Here this isn’t just a
difference in pronunciation but also grammar; these are two different dialects. On another tack, one
person might say:
He’s talking.
Whilst another says:
He’s a-mardlin’.
Here there are differences
in vocabulary which separate standard British English from
the Norfolk dialect
c)
Language : there is a
saying that a language is a dialect with an army. Linguistics often talk about
language in terms of political influence and power. By this they mean that a
dialect with political power becomes a language.
7. Giving
an example of formal language and informal language!
Answer:
a) Formal
language : How are you?..
b) Informal
language : Whats up bro?..
8. What
aspects of language are sociolinguistics interested in?
Answer:
Sociolinguistic fieldwork is the recording of speech
within a natural context, such
as a family dinner conversation. The goal of fieldwork is to capture the way
people actually talk in casual settings. This gives researchers the best
possible representation of the natural linguistic world.
Sociolinguistics
is concerned with language as a ‘social and cultural phenomenon’ (Trudgill,
1974). Linguists of this area are interested in what Trudgil terms as the
‘clue-bearing’ (1974) aspects of language; how we may form ideas about an
individual based on particular features of their accent or dialect, for
instance. Studying the link between society and language can help us understand
more about ourselves, our identities and the communities we are a part of.
9. When
two or more people from different language met and tried to communicate, what
should they do?
a. Pidgin
b. Creole
c. Lingua
franca
Answer:
I
chose Pidgin, because pidgin languages share the main characteristic of a lingua
franca in that they are used as a means of communication between different communities. Where they differ from the
previous is that pidgin languages have no native speakers.
Often, pidgin languages are based on a simplified
version of one main language, while borrowing vocabulary and grammar from several additional
languages.
So,
the original lingua franca used around the Mediterranean was a pidgin language, for
example – based on simplified Italian,
with additions from Greek, French, Arabic, and others. Alternatively,
they can originate from mixing together several simplified languages.
10. Why
do people switch and mix a language?
Answer:
There
are 5 reasons why do people switch and mix a language, such as:
·
It helps us
convey a thought
·
We want to say
something in secret
·
We want to get
something
·
We want to fit in
11. Giving
an example of code switching and code mixing!
Answer:
Example
of code switching
-
Jane
and I are so depressed by the turn of events, aku harap semuanya baik-baik saja
(Indonesia affixation in an english word)
Example
of code mixing
-
Why do you happy?
