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REGIONAL VARIATION ( SOCIOLINGUISTICS )

REGIONAL VARIATION ( SOCIOLINGUISTICS )

REGIONAL VARIATION

 In this model  of language change and dialect differention, it should always be possible to relate any variation found within a language to the factors of time and distance alone. E.g. the  British and American varities, or English are separated by over two centuries of political independence and by the Atlantic ocean, Northumbrian and Cockney English are nearly 300 miles and any centuries apart.
Dialect  geographies have traditionaly attempted to produce their findings onmaps in what they call dialects atlases. They try to show the geographical boundaries of the distribution of a particular linguistics feature by drawing a line on a map. Such line is called an isoglosses. Alternatively, a particular area, a relic area, may show characteristic of being unaffected by changes spreading out from one or more neighboring areas. Very oftn the isoglosses for individual phonological features do not coincide with the one another to give us clearly demarcated dialects areas. Because dialects studies grew out of historical studies of language, it should also come as no surprise that they have focused almost exclusively on rural areas.


Linguistics and Social Variation
An aerly study of linguistics variation by Gumperz(1958) one cast in a modern mold, show more some of the intricacies involve in trying to relate linguistic variation to teh social variation. Because the society he was studying is rigidly stratified on the basis of caste membership. The problems are considerably fewer than those encourated in such cities as New York, Detroit, but they are still present.


Conclusion
In conclusion, variation is an inharent characteristic of all language at all times and the pattern exhibited in this variation carry social meanings. The term linguistic variation( or simply variation ) refers to regional, social or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between language, dialects, and speaker is known as intraspeaker variation. Variation within the language of a single speaker called intraspeaker variation. Since the rise of sociolinguistics in the 1960s. Interest in linguistics variation ( also called linguistics variability) has develop rapidly. All aspect of language. Including phonemes, morphemes, syntactic structure, and meanings are subject to variation.


Question

1. what is the example of Regional Varition?
A word “throw” is different in some regional. For example if you want to someone throw a basketball to someone throw a baseball to you.
In Michigan “ throw in here”
In New York “ chuck it here “
In South Caroline “Chuck it here “

2. What is the example of social variation?
In USA “ i’m fixing’ to go the store. Wanna come? “
It is mean i am about to go to store. Would ypu like to join with me?

3. What is the aspect of  linguistics variation, and what is inteaspeaker?

Linguistics aspect are Pronunciation, Morphology, Woed choice, and Grammmar. Intraspeaker is as single speaker with variation of language.

Speech Communities

Speech Communities

1. Introduction

Language is both an individual possession and a social possession. We would expect, therefore, that certain individuals would behave linguistically like other individuals: they might be said to speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety.

2. Definition

Lyons(1970,p. 326) offers a definition of what the calls a 'real' speech community : 'all the people who use a given language or dialect. However, that really shifts the issues to making the definition of a speech community.
If speech communities are defined solely by their linguistic characteristics, we must acknowledge the inherent circularity of any such definition in that language itself is a communal possession.
Giles, Scherer, and Taylor (1979,p. 351) say:
"Through speech markers functionally important social categorization are discriminated, and these have important implications for social organizations. For human, speech markers have clear parallels.. It is evident that social categories of age, sex, ethnic, social class, and situation can be clearly marked on the basis if speech, and that such categories is fundamental to social organizations even though many of the categories are also easily discriminated on other bases.

3. Intersecting Communities

The fact that people do use expression such as New York speech, London speech, and South African speech indicates that they have some idea of how typical person from each other place speaks, that is, of what it is like to be a member of particular speech community somewhat loosely defined. Such a person may be said to be typical by virtue of observing the linguistic norms are associates with the particular place in question.

4. Network and Repertoire

Dubois and Horvath(1999,p. 307) acknowledge that while the concep of social network seems to be useful in studying language behavior in urban settings, it effectiveness in nonuban settings, in their case among English  French bilingual Cajuns in rural Louisiana, is not so clear.
An individual also has a speech repertoire that is he or she control a number of varieties of a language or two or more language. Quite often many individuals will have virtually identical repertoire.

Conclusion

Language is a system, it means that languages is formed by patterned component permanently and can be verified. Language is also a tool that can be used to interact used by certain community each other. Speech communities can be happened between a group using same language and different language, with provision among them that is understanding each other.

MID TEST SOCIOLINGUISTIC 5B

NAMA            : ELFRIDA KARTIKA DEWI

Class/ NIM      : 1588203069

Subject                        : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS

1.      What is Sociolinguistics?

Answer:

                  Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language. It differs from sociology of language, which focuses on the effect of language on society. Sociolinguistics overlaps considerably with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology, and the distinction between the two fields has been questioned. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables (ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.) and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place, language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics studies.

2.      Why do we learn Sociolinguistics?

Answer:

Because, sociolinguistics is concerned with language In the social and cultural context. This means that it focuses on the way a person speaks or behaves when they are placed in specific environments or situations. Sociolinguistics also studies the way a person speaks based on various factors like gender, race and culture.

So, In sociolinguistics class, we covered all the components that from language.  One of the most intriguing and interesting aspects of language is sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in its social context.  This means that we use language to socially define and express who we are, where we come from, and who we associate with. It is amazing to see how often we judge someone’s character by making assumptions about their background and their character based simply upon how a person speaks.

3.      What is the relation between language and society?

Answer:

            The connection between language and society is tightly anchored. The relationship of the two is deeply rooted. Language performs various functions in the society and the society does the same way. If one will not exist, the other one will be affected. Language is the primary tool for communication purposes, for establishing peace and order in our society, for showing authority and power, and for attaining goals and objectives. But, it can also destruct the society if it will use inappropriately. It must follow the conformity governing the society to avoid conflicts and to meet the boundary of individual differences. Society however controls our language by giving us preferences as what are acceptable and not, because each one of us has our own perception or point of view. A group of people may accept our language, but for others, it could be kind of offence or insult. We must know how, when and where to say it and for what purpose. Social changes produce changes in language. This affects values in ways that have not been accurately understood. Language incorporates social values. However, social values are only the same as linguistic values when the society is a stable and unchanging one. Once society starts changing, then language change produces special effects.

4.      Pleaase mention and explain the branches of linguistics!

Answer:

            The branches of linguistics are:

a.       General linguistic

Describes the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language. Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular language explained generally.

b.      Micro linguistic

Is narrow view. It is concerned internal view of language itself without related how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

·         Phonetics         : the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language

·         Phonology       : the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker’s mind that distinguish meaning

·         Morphology    : the study of internal structures of words and how the can be modified

·         Syntax             : the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences

·         Semantics        : the study of the meaning or words and fixed word combinations, and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

·         Pragmatics       : the study of how utterances are used in communicative acts

·         Discourse Analysis      : the analysis of language use in texts

·         Applied linguistic        : is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching

·         Macro linguistic          :Is broadest view of language. It is concerned external vie of language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

·         Stylistics                        : the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context

·         Developmental linguistics                   : the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood

·         Historical lingustics                 : the study of language change

·         Language geography               : the study of the spatial patterns of languages

·         Evolutionary linguistics          : the study of the origin and subsequent development of language

·         Psycholinguistics                     : the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use

·         Sociolinguistics                       : the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability

·         Clinical linguistics                   : the application of linguitstic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology

·         Neurolinguistics                      : the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication

·         Biolinguistics                          : the study of naturl as well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human language

·         Computational linguistics       : the study of coputational implementations of linguistic structures

5.      What is standard language? Giving an example!

Answer:

            Standard language is an official form of language. This kind of form of languages are always artificially modified at least to some degree. It is the way to use language in official and formal situation as in newspapers and public speeches. The core idea of standard language is to codify a public, particularly written language so that it is accesible to every speaker of the language to be used in education, media and science.

Example :

·         English

            In British English the standard, known as Standard English (SE), is historically based on the language of the medieval English court of Chancery. The late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw the establishment of this standard as the norm of "polite" society, that is to say of the upper classes. The spoken standard has come to be seen as a mark of good education and social prestige. Although often associated with the RP accent, SE can be spoken with any accent. The dialects of American English vary throughout the US, but the General American accent is the unofficial standard language for being considered supposedly "accentless."

·         Filipino

            Filipino is the standardized form of the Metro Manila dialect of Tagalog, and is an official language of the Philippines. Most regions have a different Philippine language as their first language, but all Filipinos learn Tagalog in school. Tagalog is thus used as a lingua franca, with national television employing it almost exclusively, and with national printed media are sometimes in Tagalog but more often in English.

6.      Elaborating the language, dialect and accent, please!

Answer:

a)      Accent : is all about pronunciation. Two people may use the same grammar, the same syntax and the same vocabulary but pronounce the words in a different way. Effectively they have two accents.

      For example, people in the north of England tend to say the word path as:

      pæːθ

      with a short vowel whilst people in the south of England tend to say:

      pɑːθ

      with a long vowel. There are two different accents at work here.

b)      Dialect : on the other hand, have differences not only in pronunciation but also in grammar and syntax. Two people may both speak English but one might say:

                                    He did well!

                                    Whilst the other could say:

                                    He done well!

                        Here this isn’t just a difference in pronunciation but also grammar; these are                       two different dialects. On another tack, one person might say:

                        He’s talking.

                        Whilst another says:

                        He’s a-mardlin’.

                        Here there are differences in vocabulary which separate standard British                             English from the Norfolk dialect

c)      Language        : there is a saying that a language is a dialect with an army. Linguistics often talk about language in terms of political influence and power. By this they mean that a dialect with political power becomes a language.

7.      Giving an example of formal language and informal language!

Answer:

a)      Formal language          : How are you?..

b)      Informal language       : Whats up bro?..

8.      What aspects of language are sociolinguistics interested in?

Answer:

Sociolinguistic fieldwork is the recording of speech within a natural context, such as a family dinner conversation. The goal of fieldwork is to capture the way people actually talk in casual settings. This gives researchers the best possible representation of the natural linguistic world.

Sociolinguistics is concerned with language as a ‘social and cultural phenomenon’ (Trudgill, 1974). Linguists of this area are interested in what Trudgil terms as the ‘clue-bearing’ (1974) aspects of language; how we may form ideas about an individual based on particular features of their accent or dialect, for instance. Studying the link between society and language can help us understand more about ourselves, our identities and the communities we are a part of.

9.      When two or more people from different language met and tried to communicate, what should they do?

a.       Pidgin

b.      Creole

c.       Lingua franca

Answer:

                  I chose Pidgin, because pidgin languages share the main characteristic of a lingua franca in that they are used as a means of communication between different communities. Where they differ from the previous is that pidgin languages have no native speakers. Often, pidgin languages are based on a simplified version of one main language, while borrowing vocabulary and grammar from several additional languages.

                  So, the original lingua franca used around the Mediterranean was a pidgin language, for example – based on simplified Italian, with additions from Greek, French, Arabic, and others.  Alternatively, they can originate from mixing together several simplified languages.

10.  Why do people switch and mix a language?

Answer:

There are 5 reasons why do people switch and mix a language, such as:

·         It helps us convey a thought

·         We want to say something in secret

·         We want to get something

·         We want to fit in

Our lizard brains take over

11.  Giving an example of code switching and code mixing!

Answer:

Example of code switching

-          Jane and I are so depressed by the turn of events, aku harap semuanya baik-baik saja (Indonesia affixation in an english word)

Example of code mixing

-          Why do you happy?